1 White Lies The year 2017 started off with a lie and a confession. First, the lie. It was told by Donald Trump--a small thing, really, but a big deal to him. He claimed that the crowd attending his January 20 presidential inauguration was the biggest ever, even though the entire nation saw a different picture in an aerial photo showing vast empty spaces on the Capitol Mall where the inaugural crowd stood. That was just the first of more than thirty thousand false or misleading statements by Trump that would be documented by The Washington Post over the next four years. It was the confession revealed that January, though, that wound up dominating the attention of so many of us. At the center of it was a much bigger lie than the one Trump told. It was the lie that had cost the life of Emmett Till in August 1955, the lie that forever changed the lives of all the rest of us: Bobo's family, friends, other African Americans, people all across the country who were not related but were connected anyway by race and the threat of racial violence. This lie changed the course of our history. The confession was published in news stories about the soon-to-be-released book The Blood of Emmett Till , written by Duke University senior scholar Timothy Tyson. Right there in chapter 1, on page 6, first paragraph, last line, was a four-word revelation by Carolyn Bryant Donham: "That part's not true." The part that's "not true," Tyson told us in the book, is the part a twenty-one-year-old Carolyn Bryant testified to under oath in the 1955 murder trial of her husband, Roy Bryant, and her brother-in-law J. W. Milam. The part about how she claimed Bobo accosted her in Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market in Money, Mississippi, how she swore he grabbed her and propositioned her. The story she must have practiced for several weeks before she told it and acted it out in a white-hot Tallahatchie County courtroom in the Mississippi Delta on September 22, 1955. "This nigger man came in the store and he stopped there at the candy case," she said from the wicker witness chair back then. With coaxing by Sidney Carlton, one of the five defense attorneys representing her husband and his half brother, nudging her through her story, she went on from there. After this "man" picked out his candy, she said, she held out her hand for the money. "He caught my hand," she said, with a "strong grip." While he was holding on to her hand and before she "jerked it loose," he said, "How about a date, baby?" Frightened, she swore in her courtroom testimony that she ran toward the back of the store and "he caught me at the cash register" where "he put his left hand on my waist, and he put his other hand over on the other side." That's when she claimed he spoke again. "What's the matter, baby. Can't you take it?" And, after freeing herself, "You needn't be afraid of me." And then, he boasted to her that he had had sex "with white women before," although she claimed he used an unprintable word to describe "sex." That's when "this other nigger came in the store and got him by the arm." He turned around and said, "Goodbye." She said she ran from the store to get her pistol from the car outside. That's when it happened. The one thing all the stories about this moment have in common. Emmett Till whistled. The wolf whistle that echoed for years in the many stories that were told about her story and about Bobo. Hers was a lie that was meant to justify the brutal ritualistic torture and lynching of a fourteen-year-old--as if anything possibly could justify that. Fortunately, Judge Curtis Swango dismissed the jury before she told this story. Unfortunately, he did not dismiss the angry capacity crowd of White spectators, who got the word to the jurors. According to the Tyson book, what she was saying now was that what she said back then in a court of law was "not true." That revelation came as a shock, but not as a surprise. The shock was that she finally was telling the truth. But we were not surprised by the truth she told. We'd all known it to be true for so many years--those of us who were there standing around on the porch outside the store, who knew what didn't happen in that store on that day or any other day. Those of us who knew Bobo had a severe stutter and couldn't say all those words. And yet even though we always believed the truth would be told one day, we still were shocked by the telling on the day it finally was told. The public reaction was exactly what you might expect. And what you might never expect. For my part, there was great joy, satisfaction that the true story finally was being told, that Emmett Till had been exonerated. He had done no wrong. From then on, when I would go out to tell the story, I would not be confronted by people suggesting that my cousin got what he deserved. Yeah, people actually have said that, or suggested it with their skeptical expressions. One such experience happened at my own high school when I was invited to talk about the story and my personal connection to it. One male student asked, "Why are we here? Till misbehaved." That kind of reaction is so disturbing to me, for obvious reasons that go beyond my own personal relationship. First, the facts had been distorted. Second, even if you believed that Bobo had been out of line, what about due process? Some process that might investigate claims and decide on the appropriate punishment. Instead, dismissing Bobo as a wrongdoer who deserved what he got basically is a way of supporting people who take the law into their own hands. In my experience as a public speaker, there are many people out there who seem to accept that idea. That is part of the reason why I had been suffering on multiple levels for so long, trying to convince people that I was the one telling the truth. That even though the media kept repeating the story Carolyn Bryant had told, that didn't mean it was true. So I felt a deep sense of relief that Timothy Tyson finally had gotten this woman to admit that she had lied. Even so, while there was great joy in the revelation, there was great sorrow just because of the reminder of the injustice. The reaction to that injustice is what led to the position taken by so many others after hearing the news, including members of our extended family. As you might expect, there were calls to go after Carolyn. Investigate. Prosecute. Lock her up. No doubt about it, I definitely wanted justice, too. I mean, no one should get away with murder, or with playing a role in a murder. Any role at all. Anybody at all. No matter how old they might have become. But what did justice require at that point in 2017, some sixty-two years after Emmett Till was murdered? What did justice mean for the survivors, the family members, who have lived with the unbearable grief of loss every day since? How does our system compensate for something like that? What about others who have come to learn about their own place in our society--their lower status--by way of the Emmett Till story? So many others over the years limited their options for fear they'd be punished for stepping out of their assigned place, for simply trying to behave as equals. Would locking up Carolyn Bryant Donham--in the court of public opinion, if not a court of law--balance the scales, make it all even out somehow? As far as I was concerned, there was a certain amount of justice even in that. The full spectrum of these views was covered by the news media. As you might expect, members of my family were asked for our reaction. "I was hoping that one day she would admit it, so it matters to me that she did, and it gives me some satisfaction," I told The New York Times . My interview with WTTW, the PBS station in Chicago, went even further. Brandis Friedman, host and correspondent for the station's Chicago Tonight , spent quite a bit of time going deeper with our family, as she had a couple of years earlier during her coverage of the sixtieth anniversary of Bobo's lynching. Among other things, I talked about the power of the lie that gave Bobo's killers "the justification" to do what they did, since that lie fed into the racist narrative of African American men "portrayed as rapists," I said. "So now my cousin can be painted in a different light." Cousin Ollie Gordon talked about how the enduring pain of our family mirrors the pain of so many other Black families. "Each time a book comes out, or the story of a movie comes out, wounds are reopened in our family," she said, fighting back the tears. "Subconscious grief comes back. Sure his mother's gone, but her spirit lives within me," she continued, referring to Emmett's late mother, Mamie Till-Mobley. "I don't think a day went by that she didn't cry." That last point really hit me. It resurrected so much of what had been buried deep inside me. You see, for so many years, I couldn't cry. But in recent years, it seemed, I couldn't stop crying. Clearly, the pressure had been mounting--the pressure of convincing people of the truth when they had been so influenced by the lies, the pressure now to see where this revelation might lead us. Was legal justice even a possibility? Excerpted from A Few Days Full of Trouble: Revelations on the Journey to Justice for My Cousin and Best Friend, Emmett Till by Wheeler Parker, Christopher Benson All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.
