Opium : how an ancient flower shaped and poisoned our world

Opium How an ancient flower shaped and poisoned our world

John H. Halpern

Book - 2019

Opioid addiction is fast becoming the most deadly crisis in American history. In 2017, it claimed nearly fifty thousand lives -- more than gunshots and car crashes combined, and almost as many Americans as were killed in the entire Vietnam War. But even as the overdose crisis ravages our nation -- straining our prison system, dividing families, and defying virtually every legislative solution to treat it-- few understand how it came to be. Opium tells the extraordinary and at times harrowing tale of how we arrived at today's crisis, "mak[ing] timely and startling connections among painkillers, politics, finance, and society" (Laurence Bergreen). The story begins with the discovery of poppy artifacts in ancient Mesopotamia, an...d goes on to explore how Greek physicians and obscure chemists discovered opium's effects and refined its power, how colonial empires marketed it around the world, and eventually how international drug companies developed a range of powerful synthetic opioids that led to an epidemic of addiction. Throughout, Dr. John Halpern and David Blistein reveal the fascinating role that opium has played in building our modern world, from trade networks to medical protocols to drug enforcement policies. Most importantly, they disentangle how crucial misjudgments, patterns of greed, and racial stereotypes served to transform one of nature's most effective painkillers into a source of unspeakable pain-and how, using the insights of history, state-of-the-art science, and a compassionate approach to the illness of addiction, we can overcome today's overdose epidemic. This urgent and masterfully woven narrative tells an epic story of how one beautiful flower became the fascination of leaders, tycoons, and nations through the centuries and in their hands exposed the fragility of our civilization.

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Subjects
Opium > History.
Opium abuse > History.
Opium trade > History.
Opium poppy > History.
Published
New York : Hachette Books 2019.
Language
English
Main Author
John H. Halpern (author)
Other Authors
David Blistein (author)
Edition
First edition
Physical Description
xxiv, 328 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (chiefly color), color maps, portraits (some color) ; 24 cm
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 277-315) and index.
ISBN
9780316417662
  • Part 1. Opium in antiquity. The mysterious origins of the opium poppy ; Papyruses and poppies ; A journey around the Mediterranean. Part 2. Opium and the birth of modern medicine. Classic cures, ancient addictions ; A little light on the "Dark Ages" ; Opium's golden age ; The monarch of medicine. Part 3. Opium goes global. Marco Polo and the rise of global commerce ; "The spice trade was in reality the drug trade" ; The two most addictive drugs on Earth ; The spice race ; The queen and her company ; A 5,000-year tradition of medicine and moderation
  • Opening the China market ; Great Britain "invades" China
  • Trading opium in Canton : "the complicated machinery of evasion". Part 4. The opium wars. Two letters that could have prevented a war ; Five roads to war ; The first drug war. Part 5. The agony and the ecstasy. America enters the opium business ; Generosity and greed ; Americans try growing their own ; Good intentions, tragic results ; The agony and the ecstasy. Part 6. Laws and disorder. America's first failed drug laws ; Drug hysteria and race-based enforcement : the Harry Anslinger story ; The war nobody's ever won ; The $1 trillion question : what do we do now?
Review by Booklist Review

Before exploring humans' fraught relationship with opium, Halpern, a psychiatrist who specializes in the treatment of substance-use disorders, engages readers by sharing the story of a friend who committed suicide due to prolonged opioid use, and an alarming statistic: in 2017 alone, 47,600 Americans died from ­opioid-related overdoses almost as many as were killed in the entire Vietnam War. Subsequent chapters document opium usage over the last 8,000 years or so, reconsidering historic events in fresh contexts: the Spice Road was primarily used for drug trafficking; the discovery of the New World popularized the second most addictive substance in the world, tobacco; and the nineteenth-century Opium Wars were mere warm-ups for twentieth-­century pharmaceutical competition and greed. Halpern identifies misunderstandings about opioid addiction that fuel well-intentioned but ultimately futile social and government interventions, especially in our era of the Dark Web, Mexican drug cartels, and medical breakthroughs like OxyContin. Authoritative, engaging, and accessible, this call for action offers solutions insurance and criminal justice reforms, alternative treatments, and eradication of punishment and avenues to greater overall understanding.--Kathleen McBroom Copyright 2019 Booklist

From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.
Review by Publisher's Weekly Review

Halpern, the Boston Center for Addiction Treatment's former medical director, and Blistein (David's Inferno), a PBS documentarian, study opium's evolution (into morphine, heroin, oxycodone) and impact on world culture in an expansive but disappointing survey. To disprove any notion that "this crisis is worse, or fundamentally different, than any that has come before it," the authors start in ancient Egypt, where opium was "part of an everyday health regimen," and proceed to cover in rather repetitive fashion the first recorded drug crisis (in medieval Persia), the Silk Road between Asia and Europe, the Opium Wars between China and Great Britain, and today's Silk Road drug marketplace on the dark web. The authors, having demonstrated the persistent failure of drug eradication to alleviate addiction, whether with Lin Ze Xu's mass destruction of Canton's opium in 1839 or Nixon's war on drugs, end with their own suggestions, which include creating more needle exchanges and safe-injection sites and extending insurance coverage for addiction treatment. Their empathetic message is admirable, but the historical assertions are too often speculative--such as that Alexander the Great "undoubtedly" sought pain relief from war wounds with opium, which "likely" exacerbated his recklessness. Though well-intentioned, this study is unfortunately undermined by a weak narrative and a less than savvy use of history. (Aug.)

(c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
Review by Kirkus Book Review

A breezy history of a substance that "is reluctant to give up its secrets" and a somber account of futile efforts to discourage its abuse.Psychiatrist Halpern and writer Blistein (David's Inferno: My Journey Through the Dark Wood of Depression, 2013, etc.) begin with the bad news. "In 2017," they write, "47,600 people died of opioid-related overdosesmore than gunshots and car crashes combinedand almost as many as were killed in the entire Vietnam War. The disease is straining our prison system, dividing families, and defying virtually every legislative solution to treat it." Rewinding the clock, the authors explain that no wild poppy produces as much opioid-rich sap as Papaver somniferum, so it was likely a mutation preserved by prehistoric humans. For millennia, physicians and writers praised its effects, and people consumed it as liberally as many of us take aspirin. Addiction was known and deplored, but opium was legal and cheap, so users usually led normal, productive lives. Many Americans regarded addiction as a moral failure, which was aggravated by the myth that opiate use was a foreignmainly Chinesedepravity. America's first anti-drug law was an 1875 San Francisco ordinance making it a misdemeanor "to operate or visit an opium den." It didn't work, but activists persisted. In 1922, Congress first legislated severe penalties for possessing or selling illegal narcotics. This was also a failure, but it was not a national issue because addiction seemed confined to nonwhite races. Matters changed with the 1960s and an explosion of drug use among whites. The U.S. has spent more than $1 trillion fighting the Richard Nixon-initiated war on drugs. Ironically, the traditional opiate villain, heroin, is becoming scarce as superpowerful, synthetic narcoticse.g., Fentanylare replacing natural opiates, leading to the current addiction epidemic. Straining for optimism, the authors describe scientific advances and a change in our moral disapproval of addiction, which might help alleviate this disaster.A fine account of opium and its misuse, which so far seems to be an insoluble problem. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.

Copyright (c) Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.

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