Best Friends and Heroes Eli, a four-year-old bomb-sniffing black Labrador, was assigned to work alongside Marine Pfc. Colton Rusk, an improvised explosive device detection dog handler. The two left for a tour in Afghanistan on September 23, 2010, Colton's twentieth birthday, and became inseparable. In fact, Colton often broke protocol by letting Eli sleep with him on his cot instead of in the regulation kennel on the floor. And on his Facebook page Colton wrote under a photo of Eli, "What's mine is also his." There was no question of the bond the two shared. On December 6, 2010, just a few months after arriving in Afghanistan, Colton was hit by sniper fire while on patrol and was killed. His dog, Eli, stood guard, crawling on top of his partner's body, not leaving its side, even when Colton's fellow soldiers came to retrieve it. Colton's family knew how close the two had been. Phone calls home always included news about Eli. When the family lost Colton, they decided that Eli needed to come home to them. Thanks to new legislation, the Rusk family was able to petition the military to receive the retired military canine. On February 3, the Rusk family headed to Lackland Air Force Base in Texas to bring Eli home. Eli was formally retired from the military and adopted into the Rusks' civilian home. When Colton's obituary was written, Eli was listed first among his surviving family members. The sun was shining and a cool breeze blew on the South Indian Pondicherry shore in December of 2004. No one had a clue that a huge earthquake, measuring over 9 on the Richter scale, had shifted the plates underneath the ocean floor more than fifteen miles (25 kilometers) away. A woman named Sangeeta walked on the beach with her three sons and their scraggly yellow puppy named Selvakumar, as she did every day. Her husband had just returned from fishing when he heard the ocean's strange rumblings. Then he saw the waves, close to thirty-three feet (10 meters) high. He ran to a nearby roof and shouted to his wife to run. She grabbed the hands of her two youngest boys. Her older son, Dinakaran, could run by himself. But when she reached safety, Dinakaran was not behind her. He had run to the family hut only forty yards (37 meters) from the shore. Luckily Selvakumar went after him. The dog clenched the boy's shirt collar between his teeth and coaxed him out of the collapsing hut to safety. The tsunami that hit the beach that day took thousands of lives across South Asia, but Dinakaran was not among them. Salvakumar was a hero. There are many stories like these, but your dog doesn't have to save your life or do anything extraordinary for you to know that you share a strong bond. It's easy to see. Just walk in the door and experience a dog greeting: tail wags, tongue licks, and unbridled enthusiasm, just because you came back home. It's what dogs do. They display this behavior in the wild with their puppies, and they act the same with us. The bond is reciprocated. Dog owners have been known to risk their own lives for their beloved pets. Take Ann Elizabeth Isham, for example. Isham was a first-class passenger on the Titanic, one of only four female first-class passengers who perished in the disaster. It is commonly believed that when her Great Dane was denied a place in a lifeboat, she refused to leave without it. Their bodies were both found floating in the sea after the ship sank. Reports say that her frozen arms were wrapped around the dog's neck, but it has never been proven that the woman found floating alongside the dog was actually Ann Isham. Fortunately, not all the dogs aboard the ship perished. Three tiny dogs were smuggled into the lifeboats by their owners. If Isham's Great Dane had been small enough, without a doubt she would have been one of those owners. Dogs have been man's (and woman's!) best friend for thousands of years. Scientists aren't quite sure just when dogs, which are descended from wild wolves, became domesticated, but there is plenty of evidence of our early bonding, including ancient burial sites. Archaeologists uncovered evidence of one of the earliest domesticated dogs in a 14,000-year-old joint burial site in Germany, known as Bonn-Oberkassel, which contained the remains of a human and a dog. Was that dog a pet? Did it help that human hunt? Did they die together? We might never know all the answers, but we can surmise that the dog bur¬ied beside the human was important to the person who died. Visitors to fourth-century Roman catacombs can see images of dogs carved into the marble grave markers of their masters. There are more than seventy-eight million dogs sharing their lives with us in the United States. Dog owners spend on average $1,500 per year on food, treats, boarding, and grooming for their beloved pets. But the people of the United States aren't alone in their enthusiasm for these loyal, furry friends. There are many millions more through¬out the world. In fact, dogs are the only animals that have found their way into every human culture. Perhaps the oldest job dogs have had is to help us hunt for food. The artist George Catlin wit¬nessed the relationship between the Native Amer¬ican tribes he visited in the 1800s and their dogs. The dogs hunted with their humans and, Catlin wrote, were "equal partners in the chase." He also wrote that "the dog, amongst all Indian tribes is more esteemed and more valued than amongst any part of the civilized world." Even then the dog was used as a symbol of fidelity. Catlin's work is just more evidence of our strong bond and early reliance on working dogs. Have you ever seen a spotted Dalmatian at a firehouse? Dalmatians, the famous black and white firehouse mascots, were once indispensable working dogs to firefighters. Once known as the English coach dogs or the carriage dogs, Dalma¬tians ran alongside horse-drawn coaches, carriages, or steam engines. The smooth-coated, spotted dogs developed strong ties with the horses pulling carriages as early as the seventeenth century. They helped the horses keep pace and protected them from the wild dogs that nipped at their legs. Once at the scene of a blazing fire, the dogs would stand guard, protecting the strong, valuable horses and expensive equipment from thieves while the firefighters fought the flames. During World War I and World War II, dogs were used to help locate injured soldiers on or near the battlefield. These dogs were often called casualty or ambulance dogs. They also were used by the military as scouts, trackers, sentries, and messengers. In addition, they helped detect mines. In 1929 dogs found another type of service: they became our eyes. That year the Seeing Eye, the oldest Seeing Eye dog training school in the world, graduated its first two students in the United States--Gala and Tartar. The school was the brainchild of Frank Morris. As a blind, twenty-year-old student at Vanderbilt University, Morris learned of dogs being trained in Switzerland to help blind people navigate their world. He was able to travel there and obtain a dog named Buddy. When the two returned to the United States, Morris wanted to share the newfound freedom he had gained with others who were blind. He began a school in Tennessee that would change the lives of blind people in the United States and inspire the use of dogs in many other service areas. Who would think that almost a century later we would hear about a Seeing Eye dog named Roselle who would guide her master out of one of the world's worst disasters--the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in 2001. Roselle guided Michael Hingson down seventy-eight floors in Tower One after American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the building just eighteen floors above him. Roselle's determination, training, and bond with her master enabled the two of them to escape and help others along the way. The bonds we share with dogs shout out at us from movies and the pages of books. Lassie and Rin Tin Tin became famous household names in the 1950s and 1960s. How many tears have been shed reading about Old Yeller, Sounder, or Shiloh since then? And there are the dogs we read about in our history books such as Balto, the Siberian husky sled dog that led his team fifty-three miles (85.3 kilometers) to deliver medicine to Nome, Alaska. Did you know that the most well-known dog name, Fido, is derived from the Latin word fidelis, mean¬ing "faithful"? President Lincoln named his dog Fido. Another Fido, in Italy, went to the bus station every day and waited for his master to return from work. One fateful day, during World War II, his master didn't return. But the Fido returned to the place for the next fourteen years, looking for his master. A statue of the faithful little dog still stands in a piazza near Florence, Italy. Although not named Fido, Greyfriars Bobby in Scotland and Hachiko in Japan are two more dogs that remained faithful to their owners for many years after their masters' deaths. Both are now immortalized in statues (and in books and movies) for the loyal bond they shared with their owners. Even more recent is the story of an Argentinean dog, Capitan, who has stood guard over his master's grave since 2006. What is even more unusual about the story is that, even though Capitan had never been to the cemetery where Miguel Guzman is buried, he found his grave. Could he have sniffed his way there? Dogs form a bridge for us to the natural world. Their relation to wolves and coyotes creates an animal that is both wild and tame. They guard. They guide. They are our companions. They help us hunt. And they sniff. Nowadays many dogs work beside us to enrich our lives. They use their incredible sense of smell to help find us, keep us safe, and rescue us from danger. They even help protect the planet. All of these dogs undergo training for their jobs. They provide their han-dlers with "alerts"--these could be a bark; a posture, such as sitting down or lying at their handler's feet; or a nudge to the knee. Each job requires a different alert and different skill set. But all their jobs require the power to sniff. We've heard of movie stars and singers insuring their body parts; well, a dog's nose can't be insured--it's priceless. Whatever you call them--dogs, pooches, canines, pups, bow-wows--they are more than our "best friends"; they are often our sniffing heroes, letting their noses lead the way to feats of heroism. Excerpted from Sniffer Dogs: How Dogs (and Their Noses) Save the World by Nancy F. Castaldo All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.
